What Causes Allergic Rhinitis?
Allergic rhinitis is caused by an immune system response to allergens. When allergens like pollen, dust mites, animal dander, or mold come into contact with your body, it triggers the release of a substance known as immunoglobulin E (IgE). IgE then stimulates the release of histamine and other chemicals, leading to allergic symptoms such as a runny nose, sneezing, and itchy eyes.
Common Allergens:
Apart from tree pollen, other common allergens include:
- Grass pollen
- Dust mites
- Animal dander (shed skin)
- Cat saliva
- Mold
Seasonal variations in allergen exposure contribute to the timing of symptoms. Tree and flower pollen are more prevalent in spring, while grasses and weeds produce more pollen in summer and fall.
Types of Allergic Rhinitis:
1. Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis:- Typically caused by outdoor allergens like pollen, occurring during spring and fall.
2. Perennial Allergic Rhinitis:- Can happen year-round due to indoor allergens like dust mites and pet dander.
Risk Factors:-
- Family history of allergies
- Presence of asthma or atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Triggers:-
Various environmental factors can trigger or worsen allergic rhinitis, including:
- Tobacco smoke
- Chemicals
- Cold temperatures
- Humidity
- Wind
- Air pollution
- Hairspray, perfumes, and colognes
- Wood smoke
- Exhaust fumes
Diagnosis:-
- Skin prick test: Identifies allergens by placing them on the skin and observing reactions.
- Blood test (RAST): Measures IgE levels to specific allergens.
Treatment Options:-
1. Medications:-
- Antihistamines (e.g., fexofenadine, loratadine)
- Decongestants (short-term use only)
- Nasal sprays (corticosteroids for long-term control)
- Eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis
2. Immunotherapy (Allergy Shots):-
- Effective for severe allergies, gradually reducing immune response to allergens over time.
- Can require a long-term commitment with regular injections.
3. Sublingual Immunotherapy (Allergy Tablets):-
- Alternative to allergy shots, involves placing allergen tablets under the tongue.
4. Home Remedies:-
- Use air conditioning instead of opening windows during pollen season.
- Use HEPA filters and dehumidifiers indoors.
- Wash bedding in hot water to eliminate dust mites.
- Vacuum with HEPA filters.
- Limit exposure to allergens.
5. Alternative and Complementary Medicine:-
- Acupuncture
- Nasal saline irrigation
- Butterbur supplements
- Probiotics
- Honey (raw, organic)
Complications:-
Untreated allergic rhinitis can lead to:
- Sleep disturbances
- Exacerbation of asthma
- Recurrent ear infections
- Sinusitis
- Impaired school or work performance
- Headaches
Allergic Rhinitis in Children:-
Symptoms in children are similar to adults and may include watery eyes (allergic conjunctivitis) and, in some cases, asthma.
Outlook:-
With proper treatment and management, allergic rhinitis symptoms can be controlled effectively, improving the quality of life for individuals with allergies. It's essential to work with a healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan tailored to your specific allergies and needs.
